Selective High Affinity Alpha3Beta4 Nicotinic Acetycholine Receptor Antagonists

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are novel and selective high affinity α3β4 nicotinic acetycholine receptor ligands and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a variety of medical disorders such as, for example, drug addiction or pain using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein. In still other embodiments, provided herein are methods of selectively antagonizing receptors such as, for example, the α3β4 nicotinic acetycholine receptor using the compounds and compositions disclosed herein.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 121 from U.S.application Ser. No. 15,494,505, filed Apr. 23, 2017, which claimedpriority from U.S. application Ser. No. 14,601,194, filed Jan. 20, 2015,which claimed priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 13/004,408, filedJan. 11, 2011, which claimed priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) fromU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/294,044, filed Jan. 11, 2010which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

This invention was made with United States Government Support underGrant Number 1 ROI DA02811 awarded by the National Institue of Health(NIH). Accordingly, the United States Government has certain rights tothis invention.

FIELD

Provided herein are novel and selective high affinity α3β4 nicotinicacetylcholine receptor ligands and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.In other embodiments, provided herein are methods of treatment,prevention, or amelioration of a variety of medical disorders such as,for example, drug addiction or pain using the compounds and compositionsdisclosed herein. In still other embodiments, provided herein aremethods of selectively antagonizing receptors such as, for example, theα3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor using the compounds andcompositions disclosed herein.

BACKGROUND

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are cholinergic receptors which formligand gated ion channels and consist of a variety of subtypes.Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors regulate CNS and other physiologicalfunctions through mediation of the endogenous neurotransmitteracetylcholine. Accordingly, a wide variety of medical conditions (e.g.,learning and eating disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, pain andchemical addiction) are associated with nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors and may be treated or prevented with compounds that disruptfunctioning of these receptors.

Thus, there is a continuing need for nicotinic acetylcholine receptorantagonists selective for a particular receptor subtype to treat and/orprevent a variety of disorders such as for example, drug addiction,neurodegenerative disorders, pain, etc.

SUMMARY

The present invention satisfies this and other needs by providingcompounds of Formula (I):

or salts, hydrates or solvates thereof wherein:

R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl,substituted heteroarylalkyl or —CO₂R₂;

R₂ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl,aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl,substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;

Y is —NR₃;

R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;

X is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl;

provided that when R₁ is methyl and Y is —NH— that X is not phenyl andthat when R₁ is H and Y is —NH— that X is not 3-chlorophenyl and thatthe compound of Formula (I) does not includeN-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1.]non-3-yl)-1H indazole-5-amine

Methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating medical disorders suchas, for example, drug addiction, pain, neurodegenerative disorders,Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders(e.g., schizophrenia) are also provided herein. In practicing themethods, effective amounts of the compounds or compositions containingtherapeutically effective concentrations of the compounds areadministered.

Methods of antagonizing receptors such as, for example, the α3β4nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are also provided herein. In practicingthe methods, effective amounts of the compounds of Formula (I) orcompositions thereof are administered. In some embodiments, thecompounds of Formula (I) are more than 200 times more selective for theα3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor than the α4β2 acetylcholinenicotinic receptor.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. In the event that there area plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this sectionprevail unless stated otherwise.

“Alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalenthydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from asingle carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. Typical alkylgroups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl,ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl,cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl,but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl,but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl,cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl,but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like. Theterm “alkyl” is specifically intended to include groups having anydegree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively singlecarbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbonbonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groupshaving mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Wherea specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions “alkanyl,”“alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used. In some embodiments, an alkyl groupcomprises from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (C₁-C₂₀ alkyl). In otherembodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 10 carbon atoms(C₁-C₁₀alkyl). In still other embodiments, an alkyl group comprises from1 to 6 carbon atoms (C₁-C₆ alkyl).

“Alkanyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived bythe removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parentalkane. Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to,methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl(isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl,butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl),2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkenyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The groupmay be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl;propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl;butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl,but-2-en-1-yl , but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl,buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl,cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkynyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typicalalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls suchas prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl,but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkoxy,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to aradical of the formula —C—R⁴⁰⁰, where R⁴⁰⁰ is alkyl or substituted alkylas defined herein.

“Acyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—C(O)R⁴⁰¹, where R⁴⁰¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,substituted heteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkylas defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limitedto formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl,benzoyl, benzylcarbonyl and the like.

“Aryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ringsystem, as defined herein. Typical aryl groups include, but are notlimited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene,acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene,fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene,s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene,ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene,phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene,rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like. In someembodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C₆-C₂₀aryl). In other embodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 15 carbonatoms (C₆-C₁₅ aryl). In still other embodiments, an aryl group comprisesfrom 6 to 15 carbon atoms (C₆-C₁₀aryl).

“Arylalkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anacyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced withan aryl group as, as defined herein. Typical arylalkyl groups include,but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl,naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl,naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like. Where specificalkyl moieties are intended, the nomenclature arylalkanyl, arylalkenyland/or arylalkynyl is used. In some embodiments, an arylalkyl group is(C₆-C₃₀) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of thearylalkyl group is (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₂₀) aryl.In other embodiments, an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₂₀) arylalkyl, e.g.,the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₈)alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₁₂) aryl. In still other embodiments,an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₁₅) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₅) alkyl and the arylmoiety is (C₆-C₁₀) aryl.

“Compounds” refers to compounds encompassed by structural formulaedisclosed herein and includes any specific compounds within theseformulae whose structure is disclosed herein. Compounds may beidentified either by their chemical structure and/or chemical name. Whenthe chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemicalstructure is determinative of the identity of the compound. Thecompounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers and/ordouble bonds and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such asdouble-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers ordiastereomers. Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted hereinencompass all possible enantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustratedcompounds including the stereoisomerically pure form (e.g.,geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure)and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures. Enantiomeric andstereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomersor stereoisomers using separation techniques or chiral synthesistechniques well known to the skilled artisan. The compounds may alsoexist in several tautomeric forms including the enol form, the keto formand mixtures thereof. Accordingly, the chemical structures depictedherein encompass all possible tautomeric forms of the illustratedcompounds. The compounds described also include isotopically labeledcompounds where one or more atoms have an atomic mass different from theatomic mass conventionally found in nature. Examples of isotopes thatmay be incorporated into the compounds of the invention include, but arenot limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, etc. Compounds mayexist in unsolvated or unhydrated forms as well as solvated forms,including hydrated forms and as N-oxides. In general, compounds may behydrated, solvated or N-oxides. Certain compounds may exist in multiplecrystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms areequivalent for the uses contemplated herein and are intended to bewithin the scope of the present invention. Further, it should beunderstood, when partial structures of the compounds are illustrated,that brackets indicate the point of attachment of the partial structureto the rest of the molecule.

“Halo,” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—F, —Cl, —Br or —I.

“Heteroalkyl,” “Heteroalkanyl,” “Heteroalkenyl” and “Heteroalkynyl,” bythemselves or as part of other substituents, refer to alkyl, alkanyl,alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, in which one or more of thecarbon atoms (and optionally any associated hydrogen atoms), are each,independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentheteroatoms or heteroatomic groups. Typical heteroatoms or heteroatomicgroups which can replace the carbon atoms include, but are not limited

-   to, —O—, —S—, —N—, —Si—, —NH—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)NH—, —S(O)₂NH—    and the like and combinations thereof. The heteroatoms or    heteroatomic groups may be placed at any interior position of the    alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups. Typical heteroatomic groups which    can be included in these groups include, but are not limited to,    —O—, —S—, —O—O—, —S—S—, —O—S—, —NR⁵⁰¹R⁵⁰²—, ═N—N═, —N═N—,    —N═N—NR⁵⁰³R⁴⁰⁴, —PR⁵⁰⁵—, —P(O)₂—, —POR⁵⁰⁶—, —O—P(O)₂—, —SO—, —S O₂—,    —SnR⁵⁰⁷R⁵⁰⁸— and the like, where R⁵⁰¹, R⁵⁰², R⁵⁰³, R⁵⁰⁴, R⁵⁰⁵, R⁵⁰⁶,    R⁵⁰⁷ and R⁵⁰⁸ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,    aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,    cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted    cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,    substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted    heteroarylalkyl.

“Heteroaryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogenatom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring systems, asdefined herein. Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limitedto, groups derived from acridine, β-carboline, chromane, chromene,cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine,isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline,isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine,phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine,purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine,pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and thelike. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 20ring atoms (5-20 membered heteroaryl). In other embodiments, theheteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 10 ring atoms (5-10 memberedheteroaryl). Exemplary heteroaryl groups include those derived fromfuran, thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole,indole, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole andpyrazine.

“Heteroarylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced with aheteroaryl group. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, thenomenclature heteroarylalkanyl, heteroarylakenyl and/orheteroarylalkynyl is used. In some embodiments, the heteroarylalkylgroup is a 6-21 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the heteroarylalkyl is (C₁-C₆) alkyl and theheteroaryl moiety is a 5-15-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments,the heteroarylalkyl is a 6-13 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., thealkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety is (C₁-C₃) alkyl and the heteroarylmoiety is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

“Parent Aromatic Ring System” refers to an unsaturated cyclic orpolycyclic ring system having a conjugated π electron system.Specifically included within the definition of “parent aromatic ringsystem” are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings arearomatic and one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, suchas, for example, fluorene, indane, indene, phenalene, etc. Typicalparent aromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to,aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene,benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene,hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene,naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene,pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene,picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene,trinaphthalene and the like.

“Parent Heteroaromatic Ring System” refers to a parent aromatic ringsystem in which one or more carbon atoms (and optionally any associatedhydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same ordifferent heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms to replace the carbon atomsinclude, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Specificallyincluded within the definition of “parent heteroaromatic ring system”are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings are aromaticand one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, forexample, benzodioxan, benzofuran, chromane, chromene, indole, indoline,xanthene, etc. Typical parent heteroaromatic ring systems include, butare not limited to, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane,chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline,indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline,isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole,oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine,phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine,pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline,quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene,triazole, xanthene and the like.

“Preventing” or “prevention” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiringa disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinicalsymptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposedto or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or displaysymptoms of the disease). The application of a therapeutic forpreventing or prevention of a diease of disorder is known as‘prophylaxis.’ In some embodiments, the compounds provided hereinprovide superior prophylaxis because of lower long term side effectsover long time periods.

“Protecting group” refers to a grouping of atoms that when attached to areactive functional group in a molecule masks, reduces or preventsreactivity of the functional group during chemical synthesis. Examplesof protecting groups can be found in Green et al., “Protective Groups inOrganic Chemistry”, (Wiley, 2¹ ed. 1991) and Harrison et al.,“Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods”, Vols. 1-8 (John Wiley andSons, 1971-1996). Representative amino protecting groups include, butare not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl,benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl(“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substitutedtrityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”),nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like. Representative hydroxyprotecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where thehydroxy group is either acylated or alkylated such as benzyl, and tritylethers as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilylethers and allyl ethers.

“Salt” refers to a salt of a compound, which possesses the desiredpharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: (1)acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloricacid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, andthe like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionicacid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvicacid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid,fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid,3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid,lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoicacid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2)salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound isreplaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earthion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such asethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and thelike.

“Substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, meansthat one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical areeach, independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentsubstituent(s).

Substituent groups useful for substituting saturated carbon atoms in thespecified group or radical include, but are not limited to -R^(a), halo,—O⁻, ═O, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, ═S, —NR^(c)R^(c), ═NR^(b), ═N—OR^(b),trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b),—S(O)₂NR^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O^(—)), —P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)),—C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻, —C(O)OR^(b),—C(S)OR^(b), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —OC(O)R^(b),—OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b),—NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻, —NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b),—NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a) is selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl; each R^(b) is independentlyhydrogen or R^(a); and each R^(c) is independently R^(b) oralternatively, the two R^(c)s are taken together with the nitrogen atomto which they are bonded form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-memberedcycloheteroalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same ordifferent additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, N and S. As specific examples, —NR^(c)R^(c) is meant to include —NH₂,—NH-alkyl, N-pyrrolidinyl and N-morpholinyl.

Similarly, substituent groups useful for substituting unsaturated carbonatoms in the specified group or radical include, but are not limited to,—R^(a), halo, —O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl,—CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻,—S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂,—P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O) (OR^(b))(OR^(b)), —C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b),—C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻, —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b), —C(O) NR^(c)R^(c),—C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b),—OC(S)O R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻,—NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a),R^(b) and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups useful for substituting nitrogen atoms in heteroalkyland cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(a),—O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —NO,—NO₂,—S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻,—OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)),—C(O) R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b),—C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —O C(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b),—OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b),—NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NRbC(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a), R^(b)and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups from the above lists useful for substituting otherspecified groups or atoms will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

The substituents used to substitute a specified group can be furthersubstituted, typically with one or more of the same or different groupsselected from the various groups specified above.

“Subject,” “individual” or “patient” is used interchangeably herein andrefers to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal. Mammals include, but arenot limited to, murines, rodents, simians, humans, farm animals, sportanimals and pets.

“Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers, in someembodiments, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting orreducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinicalsymptoms thereof,). Treatment may also be considered to includepreemptive or prophylactic administration to ameliorate, arrest orprevent the development of the disease or at least one of the clinicalsymptoms. In a further feature the treatment rendered has lowerpotential for longterm side effects over multiple years. In otherembodiments “treating” or “treatment” refers to ameliorating at leastone physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the patient. Inyet other embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to inhibitingthe disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of adiscernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of aphysical parameter) or both. In yet other embodiments, “treating” or“treatment” refers to delaying the onset of the disease or disorder.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that,when administered to a patient for treating a disease, is sufficient toeffect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effectiveamount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and itsseverity and the age, weight, adsorption, distribution, metabolism andexcretion etc., of the patient to be treated.

“Vehicle” refers to a diluent, excipient or carrier with which acompound is administered to a subject.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. In the event that there area plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this sectionprevail unless stated otherwise.

“Alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain or cyclic monovalenthydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from asingle carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene or alkyne. Typical alkylgroups include, but are not limited to, methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl,ethenyl, ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl,cyclopropan-1-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl, prop-1-yn-1-yl,prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl,2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, cyclobutan-1-yl,but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl,but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl,cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl, cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl,but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like. Theterm “alkyl” is specifically intended to include groups having anydegree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively singlecarbon-carbon bonds, groups having one or more double carbon-carbonbonds, groups having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and groupshaving mixtures of single, double and triple carbon-carbon bonds. Wherea specific level of saturation is intended, the expressions “alkanyl,”“alkenyl,” and “alkynyl” are used. In some embodiments, an alkyl groupcomprises from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (C₁-C₂₀ alkyl). In otherembodiments, an alkyl group comprises from 1 to 10 carbon atoms(C₁-C₁₀alkyl). In still other embodiments, an alkyl group comprises from1 to 6 carbon atoms (C₁-C₆ alkyl).

“Alkanyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to asaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical derived bythe removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parentalkane. Typical alkanyl groups include, but are not limited to,methanyl; ethanyl; propanyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl(isopropyl), cyclopropan-1-yl, etc.; butanyls such as butan-1-yl,butan-2-yl (sec-butyl), 2-methyl-propan-1-yl (isobutyl),2-methyl-propan-2-yl (t-butyl), cyclobutan-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkenyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon double bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkene. The groupmay be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s).Typical alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl;propenyls such as prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl(allyl), prop-2-en-2-yl, cycloprop-1-en-1-yl; cycloprop-2-en-1-yl;butenyls such as but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl,but-2-en-1-yl , but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl,buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, cyclobut-1-en-3-yl,cyclobuta-1,3-dien-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Alkynyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to anunsaturated branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl radical having atleast one carbon-carbon triple bond derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkyne. Typicalalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl; propynyls suchas prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butynyls such as but-1-yn-1-yl,but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like.

“Aryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of onehydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ringsystem, as defined herein. Typical aryl groups include, but are notlimited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene,acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene,fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene,s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene,ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene,phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene,rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like. In someembodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C₆-C₂₀aryl). In other embodiments, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 15 carbonatoms (C₆-C₁₅ aryl). In still other embodiments, an aryl group comprisesfrom 6 to 15 carbon atoms (C₆-C₁₀aryl).

“Arylalkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to anacyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp^(a) carbon atom, is replacedwith an aryl group as, as defined herein. Typical arylalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl,2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl,2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and thelike. Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, the nomenclaturearylalkanyl, arylalkenyl and/or arylalkynyl is used. In someembodiments, an arylalkyl group is (C₆-C₃₀) arylalkyl, e.g., thealkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₁₀)alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₂₀) aryl. In other embodiments, anarylalkyl group is (C₆-C₂₀) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl oralkynyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₈) alkyl and the arylmoiety is (C₆-C₁₂) aryl. In still other embodiments, an arylalkyl groupis (C₆-C₁₅) arylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety ofthe arylalkyl group is (C₁-C₅) alkyl and the aryl moiety is (C₆-C₁₀)aryl.

“Compounds” refers to compounds encompassed by structural formulaedisclosed herein and includes any specific compounds within theseformulae whose structure is disclosed herein. Compounds may beidentified either by their chemical structure and/or chemical name. Whenthe chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemicalstructure is determinative of the identity of the compound. Thecompounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers and/ordouble bonds and therefore, may exist as stereoisomers, such asdouble-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers ordiastereomers.

Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted herein encompass allpossible enantiomers and stereoisomers of the illustrated compoundsincluding the stereoisomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure,enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric andstereoisomeric mixtures. Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures can beresolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers usingseparation techniques or chiral synthesis techniques well known to theskilled artisan. The compounds may also exist in several tautomericforms including the enol form, the keto form and mixtures thereof.Accordingly, the chemical structures depicted herein encompass allpossible tautomeric forms of the illustrated compounds. The compoundsdescribed also include isotopically labeled compounds where one or moreatoms have an atomic mass different from the atomic mass conventionallyfound in nature. Examples of isotopes that may be incorporated into thecompounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, ²H, ³H, 13C,¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, etc. Compounds may exist in unsolvated or unhydratedforms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms and asN-oxides. In general, compounds may be hydrated, solvated or N-oxides.Certain compounds may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms.In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplatedherein and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.Further, it should be understood, when partial structures of thecompounds are illustrated, that brackets indicate the point ofattachment of the partial structure to the rest of the molecule.

“Halo,” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a radical—F, —Cl, —Br or —I.

“Heteroalkyl,” “Heteroalkanyl,” “Heteroalkenyl” and “Heteroalkynyl,” bythemselves or as part of other substituents, refer to alkyl, alkanyl,alkenyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, in which one or more of thecarbon atoms (and optionally any associated hydrogen atoms), are each,independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentheteroatoms or heteroatomic groups. Typical heteroatoms or heteroatomicgroups which can replace the carbon atoms include, but are not limitedto, —O—, —S—, —N—, —Si—, —NH—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)NH—, —S(O)₂NH— andthe like and combinations thereof. The heteroatoms or heteroatomicgroups may be placed at any interior position of the alkyl, alkenyl oralkynyl groups. Typical heteroatomic groups which can be included inthese groups include, but are not limited to, —O—, —S—, —O—O—, —S—S—,—O—S—, —NR⁵⁰¹R⁵⁰²—, ═N—N═, —N═N—, —N═N—NR⁵⁰³R⁴⁰⁴, —PR⁵⁰⁵—, —P(O)₂—,—POR⁵⁰⁶—, —O—P(O)₂—, —SO—, —S O₂—, —SnR⁵⁰⁷R⁵⁰⁸— and the like, whereR⁵⁰¹, R⁵⁰², R⁵⁰³, R⁵⁰⁴, R⁵⁰⁵, R⁵⁰⁶, R⁵⁰⁷ and R⁵⁰⁸ are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl orsubstituted heteroarylalkyl.

“Heteroaryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to amonovalent heteroaromatic radical derived by the removal of one hydrogenatom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring systems, asdefined herein. Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limitedto, groups derived from acridine, β-carboline, chromane, chromene,cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine,isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline,isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine,phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine,purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine,pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline,tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and thelike. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 20ring atoms (5-20 membered heteroaryl). In other embodiments, theheteroaryl group comprises from 5 to 10 ring atoms (5-10 memberedheteroaryl). Exemplary heteroaryl groups include those derived fromfuran, thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzimidazole,indole, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole andpyrazine.

“Heteroarylalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers toan acyclic alkyl group in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to acarbon atom, typically a terminal or sp³ carbon atom, is replaced with aheteroaryl group.

Where specific alkyl moieties are intended, the nomenclatureheteroarylalkanyl, heteroarylakenyl and/or heteroarylalkynyl is used. Insome embodiments, the heteroarylalkyl group is a 6-21 memberedheteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl moiety of theheteroarylalkyl is (C₁-C₆) alkyl and the heteroaryl moiety is a5-15-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments, the heteroarylalkyl is a6-13 membered heteroarylalkyl, e.g., the alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynylmoiety is (C₁-C₃) alkyl and the heteroaryl moiety is a 5-10 memberedheteroaryl.

“Parent Aromatic Ring System” refers to an unsaturated cyclic orpolycyclic ring system having a conjugated π electron system.Specifically included within the definition of “parent aromatic ringsystem” are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings arearomatic and one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, suchas, for example, fluorene, indane, indene, phenalene, etc. Typicalparent aromatic ring systems include, but are not limited to,aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene,benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene,hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene,naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene,pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene,picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene,trinaphthalene and the like.

“Parent Heteroaromatic Ring System” refers to a parent aromatic ringsystem in which one or more carbon atoms (and optionally any associatedhydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same ordifferent heteroatom. Typical heteroatoms to replace the carbon atomsinclude, but are not limited to, N, P, O, S, Si, etc. Specificallyincluded within the definition of “parent heteroaromatic ring system”are fused ring systems in which one or more of the rings are aromaticand one or more of the rings are saturated or unsaturated, such as, forexample, benzodioxan, benzofuran, chromane, chromene, indole, indoline,xanthene, etc. Typical parent heteroaromatic ring systems include, butare not limited to, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane,chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline,indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline,isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole,oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine,phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine,pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline,quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene,triazole, xanthene and the like.

“Preventing” or “prevention” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiringa disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinicalsymptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposedto or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or displaysymptoms of the disease). The application of a therapeutic forpreventing or prevention of a diease of disorder is known as‘prophylaxis.’ In some embodiments, the compounds provided hereinprovide superior prophylaxis because of lower long term side effectsover long time periods.

“Protecting group” refers to a grouping of atoms that when attached to areactive functional group in a molecule masks, reduces or preventsreactivity of the functional group during chemical synthesis. Examplesof protecting groups can be found in Green et al., “Protective Groups inOrganic Chemistry”, (Wiley, 2^(nd) ed. 1991) and Harrison et al.,“Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods”, Vols. 1-8 (John Wiley andSons, 1971-1996). Representative amino protecting groups include, butare not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl,benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl(“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substitutedtrityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”),nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like. Representative hydroxyprotecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where thehydroxy group is either acylated or alkylated such as benzyl, and tritylethers as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilylethers and allyl ethers.

“Salt” refers to a salt of a compound, which possesses the desiredpharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: (1)acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloricacid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, andthe like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionicacid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvicacid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid,fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid,4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid,3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid,lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoicacid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2)salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound isreplaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earthion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such asethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and thelike.

“Substituted,” when used to modify a specified group or radical, meansthat one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical areeach, independently of one another, replaced with the same or differentsubstituent(s). Substituent groups useful for substituting saturatedcarbon atoms in the specified group or radical include, but are notlimited to —R^(a), halo, —O⁻, ═O, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), −S⁻, ═S,—NR^(c)R^(c), ═NR^(b), ═N—OR^(b), trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN,—NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂NR^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b),—OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —O S(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O),—P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)), —C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻,—C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c),—OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b),—NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻, —NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b),—NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a) is selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl; each R^(b) is independentlyhydrogen or R^(a); and each R^(c) is independently R^(b) oralternatively, the two R^(c)s are taken together with the nitrogen atomto which they are bonded form a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-memberedcycloheteroalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same ordifferent additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, N and S. As specific examples, —NR^(c)R^(c) is meant to include —NH₂,—NH-alkyl, N-pyrrolidinyl and N-morpholinyl.

Similarly, substituent groups useful for substituting unsaturated carbonatoms in the specified group or radical include, but are not limited to,—R^(a), halo, —O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl,—CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻,—S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻, —OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂,—P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O) (OR^(b))(OR^(b)), —C(O)R^(b), —C(S)R^(b),—C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)O⁻, —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b), —C(O) NR^(c)R^(c),—C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —OC(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b), —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OR^(b),—OC(S)O R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)O⁻,—NR^(b)C(O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a),R^(b) and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups useful for substituting nitrogen atoms in heteroalkyland cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —R^(a),—O⁻, —OR^(b), —SR^(b), —S⁻, —NR^(c)R^(c), trihalomethyl, —CF₃, —CN, —NO,—NO₂,—S(O)₂R^(b), —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OR^(b), —OS(O)₂R^(b), —OS(O)₂O⁻,—OS(O)₂OR^(b), —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR^(b))(O⁻), —P(O)(OR^(b))(OR^(b)),—C(O) R^(b), —C(S)R^(b), —C(NR^(b))R^(b), —C(O)OR^(b), —C(S)OR^(b),—C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), —O C(O)R^(b), —OC(S)R^(b),—OC(O)OR^(b), —OC(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)R^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)R^(b),—NR^(b)C( O)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(S)OR^(b), —NR^(b)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c),—NR^(b)C(NR^(b))R^(b) and —NR^(b)C(NR^(b))NR^(c)R^(c), where R^(a),R^(b) and R^(c) are as previously defined.

Substituent groups from the above lists useful for substituting otherspecified groups or atoms will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

The substituents used to substitute a specified group can be furthersubstituted, typically with one or more of the same or different groupsselected from the various groups specified above.

“Subject,” “individual” or “patient” is used interchangeably herein andrefers to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal. Mammals include, but arenot limited to, murines, rodents, simians, humans, farm animals, sportanimals and pets.

“Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers, in someembodiments, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting orreducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinicalsymptoms thereof,).

Treatment may also be considered to include preemptive or prophylacticadministration to ameliorate, arrest or prevent the development of thedisease or at least one of the clinical symptoms. In a further featurethe treatment rendered has lower potential for longterm side effectsover multiple years. In other embodiments “treating” or “treatment”refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not bediscernible by the patient. In yet other embodiments, “treating” or“treatment” refers to inhibiting the disease or disorder, eitherphysically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom),physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) or both.In yet other embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to delayingthe onset of the disease or disorder.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that,when administered to a patient for treating a disease, is sufficient toeffect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effectiveamount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and itsseverity and the age, weight, adsorption, distribution, metabolism andexcretion etc., of the patient to be treated.

“Vehicle” refers to a diluent, excipient or carrier with which acompound is administered to a subject.

B. Compounds

Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I):

or salts, hydrates or solvates thereof wherein, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl or—CO₂R₂, R₂ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl,heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substitutedheteroarylalkyl, Y is —NR₃, R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl heteroarylalkyl or substitutedheteroarylalkyl and X is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, provided that when R₁ is methyl and Y is —NH—that X is not phenyl, that when R₁ is H and Y is —NH— that X is not3-chlorophenyl and that the compound of Formula (I) does not includeN-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1.]non-3-yl)-1H indazole-5-amine

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl or —CO₂R₂. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl. In still other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, methyl, ethyl,

In still other embodiments, R₁ is arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl. Instill other embodiments, R₁ is

In still other embodiments, R₁ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In stillother embodiments, R₁

is

In some embodiments, R₁ is —CO₂R₂ and R₂ is disubstituted phenyl. In

other embodiments, R₂ is

In some embodiments, X is phenyl or substituted phenyl. In otherembodiments, X is o-substituted phenyl. In still other embodiments, X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN.

In some embodiments, X is m-substituted phenyl. In other embodiments, Xis substituted aryl. In still other embodiments, X is

In some embodiments, X is heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. In stillother embodiments, X is 2-pyridyl or 2-pyridyl substituted at the 5position with —Br or —NO₂.

In some embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen, methyl, or alkyl. In otherembodiments, Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl or —CO₂R₂, X is aryl, heteroaryl,phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl, m-substituted phenyland Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl orsubstituted alkyl, X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl,o-substituted phenyl, m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. Instill other embodiments, R₁ is arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, X isaryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is —CO₂R₂, R₂ is disubstituted phenyl, X is aryl,heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,

X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is

X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is

X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃-. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is —CO₂R₂, R₂ is

X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,m-substituted phenyl and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.

In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl or —CO₂R₂, X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In other embodiments, R₁ ishydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still other embodiments,R₁ is arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH—or —NCH₃-. R₁ is —CO₂R₂, R₂ isdisubstituted phenyl, X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still other embodiments,R₁ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,

X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH—or —NCH₃—. In still other embodiments,R₁ is

X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still other embodiments,R₁ is

X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. In still other embodiments,R₁ is —CO₂R₂, R₂ is

X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.

In some embodiments, R₁ is methyl, Y is —NH and X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN. In other embodiments, R₁ is methyl, Y is —NH— and Xis

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —NO₂ or —CN. In still otherembodiments, R₁ is methyl, Y is —NH— and X is phenyl substituted at themew position with bromo or chloro. In still other embodiments, R₁ ismethyl, Y is —NCH₃- and X is

wherein R₄ is —Br. In still other embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen, Y is —NH—and X is

wherein R₄ is —NO₂.

In some embodiments, R₁ is methyl, Y is —NH— and X is 2-pyridyl or2-pyridyl substituted at the 5 position with —Br or —NO_(2.) In otherembodiments, R₁ is ethyl,

Y is —NH— and X is

wherein R₄ is —Br. In still other embodiments, R₁ is methyl, X is2-bromophenyl, Y is —NH—, and X is —CH₂CH₂OZ, wherein Z is substitutedphenyl. In some embodiments, Z is p-bromophenyl, m-methoxyphenyl orm-nitrophenyl.

The compounds of Formula (I) include the compounds depicted in Table 1below:

Preparation of the Compounds

In general, the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared by methods wellknown to those of skill in the art in organic chemistry. As illustratedin Scheme 1, Compound A, which may be made by known synthetic methodsmay be treated with an amino compound to provide the intermediate iminocompound

B which upon reduction yield desired compound C.

Alternatively, as illustrated in Scheme 2, in situ reduction of theintermediate hydroxyl amine adduct provides the amine B′ which may becross coupled using transition metal chemistry, for example, with aphenyl halide to provide compound C″. Those of skill in the art willappreciate that that the amine B′ may also be cross coupled with aryland heteroaryl halides.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein contain therapeuticallyeffective amounts of one or more of the compounds provided herein thatare useful in the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of one or moreof the symptoms of diseases or disorders described herein and apharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Pharmaceutical vehicles suitablefor administration of the compounds provided herein include any suchcarriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for theparticular mode of administration.

In addition, the compounds may be formulated as the solepharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combinedwith other active ingredients.

The compositions contain one or more compounds provided herein. Thecompounds are, in some embodiments, formulated into suitablepharmaceutical preparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets,dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained releaseformulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutionsor suspensions for parenteral administration, as well as topicaladministration, transdermal administration and inhaled administrationvia nebulizers, pressurized metered dose inhalers and dry powderinhalers. In some embodiments, the compounds described above areformulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques andprocedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel Introduction toPharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Seventh Edition (1999).

In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compoundsor pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof is (are) mixed with asuitable pharmaceutical vehicle. The compounds may be derivatized as thecorresponding salts, esters, enol ethers or esters, acetals, ketals,orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases, solvates, ion-pairs,hydrates or prodrugs prior to formulation, as described above. Theconcentrations of the compounds in the compositions are effective fordelivery of an amount, upon administration that treats, leads toprevention, or amelioration of one or more of the symptoms of diseasesor disorders described herein. In some embodiments, the compositions areformulated for single dosage administration. To formulate a composition,the weight fraction of a compound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed orotherwise mixed in a selected vehicle at an effective concentration suchthat the treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or moresymptoms are ameliorated.

The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptablevehicle in an amount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effectin the absence of undesirable side effects on the patient treated. Thetherapeutically effective concentration may be determined empirically bytesting the compounds in in vitro and in vivo systems well known tothose of skill in the art and then extrapolated therefrom for dosagesfor humans Human doses are then typically fine-tuned in clinical trialsand titrated to response.

The concentration of active compound in the pharmaceutical compositionwill depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of theactive compound, the physicochemical characteristics of the compound,the dosage schedule, and amount administered as well as other factorsknown to those of skill in the art. For example, the amount that isdelivered is sufficient to ameliorate one or more of the symptoms ofdiseases or disorders as described herein.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective dosage should produce aserum concentration of active ingredient of from about 0.001 ng/ml toabout 50-200 μg/ml. The pharmaceutical compositions, in otherembodiments, should provide a dosage of from about 0.0001 mg to about 70mg of compound per kilogram of body weight per day. Pharmaceuticaldosage unit forms are prepared to provide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or 5000 mg, and in some embodiments fromabout 10 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient or a combination ofessential ingredients per dosage unit form.

The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be dividedinto a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time.It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is afunction of the disease being treated and may be determined empiricallyusing known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or invitro test data or subsequent clinical testing. It is to be noted thatconcentrations and dosage values may also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions and that the concentration ranges set forth herein areexemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice ofthe claimed compositions.

In instances in which the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility,methods for solubilizing compounds may be used such as use of liposomes,prodrugs, complexation/chelation, nanoparticles, or emulsions ortertiary templating. Such methods are known to those of skill in thisart, and include, but are not limited to, using co-solvents, such asdimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants or surface modifiers, suchas TWEEN®, or dissolution by enhanced ionization (i.e., dissolving inaqueous sodium bicarbonate). Derivatives of the compounds, such asprodrugs of the compounds may also be used in formulating effectivepharmaceutical compositions.

Upon mixing or addition of the compound(s), the resulting mixture may bea solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resultingmixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode ofadministration and the solubility of the compound in the selectedvehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating thesymptoms of the disease, disorder or condition treated and may beempirically determined.

The pharmaceutical compositions are provided for administration tohumans and animals in unit dosage forms, such as dry powder inhalers(DPIs), pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), nebulizers, tablets,capsules, pills, sublingual tapes/bioerodible strips, tablets orcapsules, powders, granules, lozenges, lotions, salves, suppositories,fast melts, transdermal patches or other transdermal applicationdevices/preparations, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, andoral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containingsuitable quantities of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptablederivatives thereof. The pharmaceutically therapeutically activecompounds and derivatives thereof are, in some embodiments, formulatedand administered in unit-dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms.Unit-dose forms as used herein refer to physically discrete unitssuitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as isknown in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity ofthe therapeutically active compound sufficient to produce the desiredtherapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceuticalvehicle. Examples of unit-dose forms include ampoules and syringes andindividually packaged tablets or capsules. Unit-dose forms may beadministered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dose form isa plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a singlecontainer to be administered in segregated unit-dose form. Examples ofmultiple-dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules orbottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multiple dose form is a multiple ofunit-doses which are not segregated in packaging.

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, beprepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an activecompound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in avehicle, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose,glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution orsuspension, colloidal dispersion, emulsion or liposomal formulation. Ifdesired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may alsocontain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wettingagents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents andthe like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrinderivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate,triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will beapparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15thEdition, 1975 or later editions thereof.

Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the rangeof 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from vehicle or carrier maybe prepared. Methods for preparation of these compositions are known tothose skilled in the art. The contemplated compositions may contain0.001%-100% active ingredient, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in anotherembodiment 0.4-10%.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are lactose-free compositionscontaining excipients that are well known in the art and are listed, forexample, in the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) 25—NF20 (2002). In general,lactose-free compositions contains active ingredients, a binder/filler,and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceuticallyacceptable amounts.

Particular lactose-free dosage forms contain active ingredients,microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesiumstearate.

Further provided are anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms comprising active ingredients, since water can facilitate thedegradation of some compounds. For example, the addition of water (e.g.,5%) is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as a means ofsimulating long-term storage in order to determine characteristics suchas shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time. See, e.g.,Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles & Practice, 2d. Ed.,Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp. 379-80. In effect, water and heataccelerate the decomposition of some compounds. Thus, the effect ofwater on a formulation can be of great significance since moistureand/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture, handling,packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.

Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms provided hereincan be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredientsand low moisture or low humidity conditions.

An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and storedsuch that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrouscompositions are generally packaged using materials known to preventexposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formularykits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to,hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials),blister packs, and strip packs. Oral pharmaceutical dosage forms areeither solid, gel or liquid. The solid dosage forms are tablets,capsules, granules, and bulk powders. Types of oral tablets includecompressed, chewable lozenges and tablets which may be enteric-coated,sugar-coated or film-coated. Capsules may be hard or soft gelatincapsules, while granules and powders may be provided in non-effervescentor effervescent form with the combination of other ingredients known tothose skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the formulations are solid dosage forms such asfor example, capsules or tablets. The tablets, pills, capsules, trochesand the like can contain one or more of the following ingredients, orcompounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; aglidant; a disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; aflavoring agent; a wetting agent; an enteric coating; a film coatingagent and modified release agent. Examples of binders includemicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acaciamucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polyvinylpyrrolidine, povidone,crospovidones, sucrose and starch and starch derivatives. Lubricantsinclude talc, starch, magnesium/calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearicacid. Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin,salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are notlimited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents includecrosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, cornstarch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar andcarboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example, any of theapproved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; andwater insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate and advancedcoloring or anti-forgery color/opalescent additives known to thoseskilled in the art. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitoland artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number ofspray dried flavors. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extractedfrom plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds whichproduce a pleasant sensation or mask unpleasant taste, such as, but notlimited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents includepropylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycolmonolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether. Enteric-coatings includefatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and celluloseacetate phthalates. Film coatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetatephthalate. Modified release agents include polymers such as theEudragit® series and cellulose esters.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can beprovided in a composition that protects it from the acidic environmentof the stomach. For example, the composition can be formulated in anenteric coating that maintains its integrity in the stomach and releasesthe active compound in the intestine. The composition may also beformulated in combination with an antacid or other such ingredient.

When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition tomaterial of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. Inaddition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials whichmodify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings ofsugar and other enteric agents. The compounds can also be administeredas a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewinggum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the activecompounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyesand colorings and flavors.

The active materials can also be mixed with other active materials whichdo not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement thedesired action, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics. The activeingredient is a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable derivativethereof as described herein. Higher concentrations, up to about 98% byweight of the active ingredient may be included.

In all embodiments, tablets and capsules formulations may be coated asknown by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustaindissolution of the active ingredient. Thus, for example, they may becoated with a conventional enterically digestible coating, such asphenylsalicylate, waxes and cellulose acetate phthalate.

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions,suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted fromnon-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstitutedfrom effervescent granules. Aqueous solutions include, for example,elixirs and syrups. Emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations.Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles used in elixirs include solvents.Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example,sucrose, and may contain a preservative. An emulsion is a two-phasesystem in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globulesthroughout another liquid.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in emulsions are non-aqueousliquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Suspensions usepharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents and preservatives.Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in non-effervescentgranules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, includediluents, sweeteners and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptablesubstances used in effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into aliquid oral dosage form, include organic acids and a source of carbondioxide. Coloring and flavoring agents are used in all of the abovedosage forms.

Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup. Examplesof preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoicacid, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Examples of non-aqueous liquidsutilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Examplesof emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite,and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Suspendingagents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegumand acacia. Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin andartificial sweetening agents such as saccharin. Wetting agents includepropylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycolmonolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Organic acids includecitric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodiumbicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Coloring agents include any of theapproved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof.Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants suchfruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant tastesensation.

For a solid dosage form, the solution or suspension, in for example,propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is in someembodiments encapsulated in a gelatin capsule. Such solutions, and thepreparation and encapsulation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. For a liquid dosage form, thesolution, e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol, may be dilutedwith a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquidvehicle, e.g., water, to be easily measured for administration.

Alternatively, liquid or semi-solid oral formulations may be prepared bydissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils,glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters (e.g., propylenecarbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions orsuspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells. Other usefulformulations include those set forth in U.S. Patent No. RE28,819 andU.S. Pat. No. 4,358,603. Briefly, such formulations include, but are notlimited to, those containing a compound provided herein, a dialkylatedmono- or poly-alkylene glycol, including, but not limited to,1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethyleneglycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether,polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether wherein 350, 550 and 750 refer tothe approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol, andone or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone,hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malicacid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, thiodipropionic acid and its esters,and dithiocarbamates.

Other formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous alcoholicsolutions including a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal. Alcohols usedin these formulations are any pharmaceutically acceptable water-misciblesolvents having one or more hydroxyl groups, including, but not limitedto, propylene glycol and ethanol. Acetals include, but are not limitedto, di(lower alkyl) acetals of lower alkyl aldehydes such asacetaldehyde diethyl acetal.

Parenteral administration, in some embodiments characterized byinjection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously isalso contemplated herein. Injectables can be prepared in conventionalforms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitablefor solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or asemulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one ormore excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline,dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, thepharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minoramounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifyingagents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, andother such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitanmonolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.

Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that aconstant level of dosage is maintained (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.3,710,795) is also contemplated herein. Briefly, a compound providedherein is dispersed in a solid inner matrix, e.g.,polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized orunplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticizedpolyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene,polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetatecopolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonatecopolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylicand methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol andcross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surroundedby an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride,vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride,ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubberepichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer,ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids.The compound diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a releaserate controlling step. The percentage of active compound contained insuch parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific naturethereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of thesubject.

Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous,subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations. Preparations forparenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection,sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to becombined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets,sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble productsready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterileemulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.

If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containingthickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethyleneglycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles used in parenteral preparationsinclude aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents,isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspendingand dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelatingagents and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.

Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, RingersInjection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection,Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehiclesinclude fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesameoil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic orfungistatic concentrations must be added to parenteral preparationspackaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols,mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propylp-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride andbenzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride anddextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants includesodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride.Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifyingagents include Polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80). A sequestering or chelatingagent of metal ions includes EDTA. Pharmaceutical carriers also includeethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for watermiscible vehicles; and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acidor lactic acid for pH adjustment.

The concentration of pharmaceutically active compound is adjusted sothat an injection provides an effective amount to produce the desiredpharmacological effect. The exact dose depends on the age, weight, bodysurface area and condition of the patient or animal as is known in theart.

The unit-dose parenteral preparations are packaged in an ampoule, a vialor a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteraladministration must be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.

Illustratively, intravenous or intraarterial infusion of a sterileaqueous solution containing an active compound is an effective mode ofadministration. Another embodiment is a sterile aqueous or oily solutionor suspension containing an active material injected as necessary toproduce the desired pharmacological effect.

Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. In oneembodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to containa concentration of at least about 0.01% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more,in certain embodiments more than 0.1% w/w of the active compound to thetreated tissue(s).

The compound may be suspended in micronized or other suitable form ormay be derivatized to produce a more soluble active product or toproduce a prodrug. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon anumber of factors, including the intended mode of administration and thesolubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. Theeffective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms ofthe condition and may be empirically determined.

Active ingredients provided herein can be administered by controlledrelease means or by delivery devices that are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to,those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533;

5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556;5,639,480; 5,733,566; 5,739,108; 5,891,474; 5,922,356; 5,972,891;5,980,945; 5,993,855; 6,045,830; 6,087,324; 6,113,943; 6,197,350;6,248,363; 6,264,970; 6,267,981; 6,376,461; 6,419,961; 6,589,548;6,613,358; 6,699,500 and 6,740,634. Such dosage forms can be used toprovide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredientsusing, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymermatrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayercoatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combinationthereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinaryskill in the art, including those described herein, can be readilyselected for use with the active ingredients provided herein.

All controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal ofimproving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlledcounterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designedcontrolled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized bya minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control thecondition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-releaseformulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosagefrequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition,controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onsetof action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug,and can thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects.

Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially releasean amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desiredtherapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of otheramounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylacticeffect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain thisconstant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from thedosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug beingmetabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an activeingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but notlimited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiologicalconditions or compounds.

In certain embodiments, the agent may be administered using intravenousinfusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transdermal patch, liposomes,or other modes of administration. In some embodiments, a pump may beused (see, Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwaldet al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574(1989). In other embodiments, polymeric materials can be used. In otherembodiments, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity ofthe therapeutic target, i.e., thus requiring only a fraction of thesystemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, Medical Applications of ControlledRelease, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984). In some embodiments, a controlledrelease device is introduced into a subject in proximity of the site ofinappropriate immune activation or a tumor. Other controlled releasesystems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533(1990). The active ingredient can be dispersed in a solid inner matrix,e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized orunplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticizedpolyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene,polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetatecopolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonatecopolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylicand methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol andcross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surroundedby an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride,vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride,ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubberepichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer,ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids.The active ingredient then diffuses through the outer polymeric membranein a release rate controlling step. The percentage of active ingredientcontained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on thespecific nature thereof, as well as the needs of the subject.

Of interest herein are also lyophilized powders, which can bereconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and othermixtures. They may also be reconstituted and formulated as solids orgels.

The sterile, lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving a compoundprovided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, ina suitable solvent. The solvent may contain an excipient which improvesthe stability or other pharmacological component of the powder orreconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may beused include, but are not limited to, an antioxidant, a buffer and abulking agent. In some embodiments, the excipient is selected fromdextrose, sorbital, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose,sucrose and other suitable agent. The solvent may contain a buffer, suchas citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known tothose of skill in the art at, at about neutral pH. Subsequent sterilefiltration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standardconditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desiredformulation. In some embodiments, the resulting solution will beapportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain asingle dosage or multiple dosages of the compound. The lyophilizedpowder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4°C. to room temperature.

Reconstitution of this lyophilized powder with water for injectionprovides a formulation for use in parenteral administration. Forreconstitution, the lyophilized powder is added to sterile water orother suitable carrier. The precise amount depends upon the selectedcompound. Such amount can be empirically determined.

Topical mixtures are prepared as described for the local and systemicadministration. The resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension,emulsions or the like and are formulated as creams, gels, ointments,emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes,foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermalpatches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.

The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may beformulated as aerosols for topical application, such as by inhalation(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,126, 4,414,209, and 4,364,923, whichdescribe aerosols for delivery of a steroid useful for treatment ofinflammatory diseases, particularly asthma). These formulations foradministration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosolor solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation,alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such acase, the particles of the formulation will, in some embodiments, havemass median geometric diameters of less than 5 microns, in otherembodiments less than 10 microns.

The compounds may be formulated for local or topical application, suchas for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as inthe eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application tothe eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application. Topicaladministration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also foradministration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies. Nasalsolutions of the active compound alone or in combination with otherpharmaceutically acceptable excipients can also be administered.

For nasal administration, the preparation may contain an esterifiedphosphonate compound dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, inparticular, an aqueous carrier, for aerosol application. The carrier maycontain solubilizing agents such as propylene glycol, surfactants,absorption enhancers such as lecithin or cyclodextrin, or preservatives.

These solutions, particularly those intended for ophthalmic use, may beformulated as 0.01% -10% isotonic solutions, pH about 5-7.4, withappropriate salts.

Other routes of administration, such as transdermal patches, includingiontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, and rectal administration,are also contemplated herein.

Transdermal patches, including iotophoretic and electrophoretic devices,are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, such patchesare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,267,983, 6,261,595, 6,256,533,6,167,301, 6,024,975, 6,010715, 5,985,317, 5,983,134, 5,948,433, and5,860,957.

For example, pharmaceutical dosage forms for rectal administration arerectal suppositories, capsules and tablets for systemic effect. Rectalsuppositories are used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into therectum which melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or morepharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients.Pharmaceutically acceptable substances utilized in rectal suppositoriesare bases or vehicles and agents to raise the melting point. Examples ofbases include cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax(polyoxyethylene glycol) and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- andtriglycerides of fatty acids. Combinations of the various bases may beused. Agents to raise the melting point of suppositories includespermaceti and wax. Rectal suppositories may be prepared either by thecompressed method or by molding. The weight of a rectal suppository, inone embodiment, is about 2 to 3 gm. Tablets and capsules for rectaladministration are manufactured using the same pharmaceuticallyacceptable substance and by the same methods as for formulations fororal administration.

The compounds provided herein, or pharmaceutically acceptablederivatives thereof, may also be formulated to be targeted to aparticular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject tobe treated. Many such targeting methods are well known to those of skillin the art. All such targeting methods are contemplated herein for usein the instant compositions. For non-limiting examples of targetingmethods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,316,652, 6,274,552, 6,271,359,6,253,872, 6,139,865, 6,131,570, 6,120,751, 6,071,495, 6,060,082,6,048,736, 6,039,975, 6,004,534, 5,985,307, 5,972,366, 5,900,252,5,840,674, 5,759,542 and 5,709,874.

In some embodiments, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targetedliposomes, such as tumor-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according tomethods known to those skilled in the art. For example, liposomeformulations may be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.Briefly, liposomes such as multilamellar vesicles (MLV's) may be formedby drying down phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine (7:3 molarratio) on the inside of a flask. A solution of a compound providedherein in phosphate buffered saline lacking divalent cations (PBS) isadded and the flask shaken until the lipid film is dispersed. Theresulting vesicles are washed to remove unencapsulated compound,pelleted by centrifugation, and then resuspended in PBS.

The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives may be packagedas articles of manufacture containing packaging material, a compound orpharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof provided herein, which iseffective for treatment, prevention or amelioration of one or moresymptoms of the diseases or disorders, supra, within the packagingmaterial, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition,or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, is used for thetreatment, prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of thediseases or disorders, supra.

The articles of manufacture provided herein contain packaging materials.Packaging materials for use in packaging pharmaceutical products arewell known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,323,907, 5,052,558 and 5,033,252. Examples of pharmaceutical packagingmaterials include, but are not limited to, blister packs, bottles,tubes, inhalers, pumps, bags, vials, containers, syringes, bottles, andany packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intendedmode of administration and treatment. A wide array of formulations ofthe compounds and compositions provided herein are contemplated as are avariety of treatments for any disease or disorder described herein.

Dosages

In human therapeutics, the physician will determine the dosage regimenthat is most appropriate according to a preventive or curative treatmentand according to the age, weight, stage of the disease and other factorsspecific to the subject to be treated. The pharmaceutical compositions,in other embodiments, should provide a dosage of from about 0.0001 mg toabout 70 mg of compound per kilogram of body weight per day.Pharmaceutical dosage unit forms are prepared to provide from about 0.01mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or 5000 mg, and in someembodiments from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient ora combination of essential ingredients per dosage unit form. The amountof active ingredient in the formulations provided herein, which will beeffective in the prevention or treatment of a disorder or one or moresymptoms thereof, will vary with the nature and severity of the diseaseor condition, and the route by which the active ingredient isadministered. The frequency and dosage will also vary according tofactors specific for each subject depending on the specific therapy(e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic agents) administered, the severity ofthe disorder, disease, or condition, the route of administration, aswell as age, body, weight, response, and the past medical history of thesubject.

Exemplary doses of a formulation include milligram or microgram amountsof the active compound per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g.,from about 1 micrograms per kilogram to about 50 milligrams perkilogram, from about 10 micrograms per kilogram to about 30 milligramsper kilogram, from about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 10milligrams per kilogram, or from about 100 microgram per kilogram toabout 5 milligrams per kilogram).

It may be necessary to use dosages of the active ingredient outside theranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is noted that the clinicianor treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, orterminate therapy in conjunction with subject response.

Different therapeutically effective amounts may be applicable fordifferent diseases and conditions, as will be readily known by those ofordinary skill in the art. Similarly, amounts sufficient to prevent,manage, treat or ameliorate such disorders, but insufficient to cause,or sufficient to reduce, adverse effects associated with the compositionprovided herein are also encompassed by the above described dosageamounts and dose frequency schedules. Further, when a subject isadministered multiple dosages of a composition provided herein, not allof the dosages need be the same. For example, the dosage administered tothe subject may be increased to improve the prophylactic or therapeuticeffect of the composition or it may be decreased to reduce one or moreside effects that a particular subject is experiencing.

In certain embodiments, administration of the same formulation providedherein may be repeated and the administrations may be separated by atleast 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 30 days, 45 days,2 months, 75 days, 3 months, or 6 months.

Methods of Use of the Compounds and Compositions

Methods of treating, preventing, or ameliorating medical disorders suchas, for example, drug addiction (e.g, cocaine addiction, opiateaddiction, (e.g., heroin, morphine, oxycontin, tramadol, etc.),amphetamine (e.g, methamphetamine, dexedrine, MDMA, etc.) nicotineaddiction, alcohol addiction, marijuana addiction, or combinations andmodifications thereof) pain, neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson'sdisease, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders (e.g.,schizophrenia) are also provided herein. In practicing the methods,effective amounts of the compounds or compositions containingtherapeutically effective concentrations of the compounds areadministered.

In some embodiments, methods for modulating a nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors (nAChR) are provided. In other embodiments, methods ofantagonizing receptors such as, for example, the α3β4 nicotinicacetylcholine receptor are also provided herein. In sill otherembodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are more than 200 times moreselective for the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor than the α4β22nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In still other embodiments, thecompounds of Formula (I) are more than 100 times more selective for theα3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor than the α4β22 nicotinicacetylcholine receptor. In still other embodiments, the compounds ofFormula (I) are more than 50 times more selective for the α3β4 nicotinicacetylcholine receptor than the α4β22 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.In still other embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are more than10 times more selective for the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptorthan the α4β22 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In practicing themethods, therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds orcompositions, described herein, supra, are administered.

Combination Therapy

The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may also be used incombination with one or more other active ingredients. In certainembodiments, the compounds may be administered in combination, orsequentially, with another therapeutic agent. Such other therapeuticagents include those known for treatment, prevention, or amelioration ofone or more symptoms associated with drug addiction, pain,neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia).

It should be understood that any suitable combination of the compoundsand compositions provided herein with one or more of the abovetherapeutic agents and optionally one or more further pharmacologicallyactive substances are considered to be within the scope of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, the compounds and compositions providedherein are administered prior to or subsequent to the one or moreadditional active ingredients.

It should also be understood that any suitable combination of thecompounds and compositions provided herein may be used with other agentsto antagonize the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways ofimplementing the present invention. Accordingly, the present embodimentsare to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and theinvention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may bemodified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.

All publications and patents cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety.

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andare not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

General: ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Gemini 300 MHzspectrometer (300 MHz and 75 MHz, respectively) and are internallyreferenced to chloroform at □7.27. Data for ¹H NMR are reported asfollows: chemical shift (δ ppm), multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet,t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet), coupling constant (Hz), integration,and assignment. Mass spectra were obtained using a ThermoFinnigan LCQDuo LC/MS/MS instrument and an electrospray ionization probe. Thin-layerchromoatgraphy was run on Analtech Uniplate silica gel TLC plates. Flashchromatography was carried out using silica gel, Merck grade 9385,230-400 mesh.

Example 1

General method:

Step 1: 9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine (Compound I-1).

To a 250 mL RB flask were added 9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one(10 g), NH₂OH.HC₁ (5.26 g), NaOAc.3H₂O (10.26 g), EtOH (56 mL), and H₂O(26 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 1.5 h and cooled to RT. Solventswere removed and the residue was partitioned between aqueous K₂CO₃ (3M)and CHCl₃. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phaseextracted twice with CHCl₃. The combined CHCl₃ solution was washed oncewith brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated to a brownishoil, which solidified upon standing. The solid was transferred to a 500mL Parr flask. To this were added Raney-Ni (6.2 g, wet) and NH₃ solutionin MeOH (150 mL), made by bubbling NH₃ into MeOH for 20 min. Thismixture was hydrogenated under a pressure of 40-45 psi of H₂ at RT for18 h. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite. All volatileswere removed on a rotary evaporator. EtOH (50 mL) was added to theresidue and then evaporated to give an I-1 as an oil (9.5 g, 94%). Thiscrude product contained two isomers, and was used without furtherpurification.

Step 2: Coupling with Substituted Aryl Bromide.

The amine I-1, obtained from step 1 (1 eq), 2-substituted bromobenzene(2 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (2 mol%), rac-BINAP (2 mol%), NaOtBu (4 eq) and PhMe (3mL/mmol) were mixed in a Schlenk flask, and stirred at 80° C. till thereaction was complete (2-3 h). The resulting deep-colored mixture waspartitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase wasseparated and the aqueous phase extracted once with ethyl acetate. Thecombined ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated to a deep-colored oil, which wassubjected to chromatography on silica gel, eluting with DCM/MeOH(containing 10% NH₃.H₂O) (95/5 to 90/10). Two isomers were usuallyobtained. The less polar isomer is the 3a isomer and is the more activecompound in biological assays. The following examples are the 3aisomers.

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 51% yield as a foamy solid. R_(f) 0.31. ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (ddd, J=8.4, 6.9, 1.2Hz, 1H), 6.77 (dd, J=8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (ddd, J=7.8, 7.5, 1.2 Hz,1H), 4.07 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.08 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H),2.64-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.91 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.47 (m, 1H),1.24 (ddd, J=12.3, 7.8, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z309, 311 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution to givethe HCl salt as an off-white powder.

N-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 55% yield as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δppm 7.23 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (ddd, J=7.8, 7.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H),6.80 (dd, J=8.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (ddd, J=7.6, 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.04(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.09 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (td,J=12.0, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.94 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 1H),1.24 (ddd, J=12.4, 9.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.06-0.94 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 265(M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution to give the HClsalt as an off-white powder.

N-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine:free base was obtained in 41% yield as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.32-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (ddd,J=7.6, 7.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (br, 1H), 3.07 (d,J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.85 (m, 3H),1.55-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.22 (ddd, J=12.4, 10.8, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.04-0.92 (m,2H); MS (ESI) m/z 256 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂Osolution to give the HCl salt as an off-white powder.

N-(2-nitrophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 54% yield as an orange waxy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.14 (dd, J=8.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=7.2 Hz), 7.41(ddd, J=7.8, 7.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (ddd, J=7.8,7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (s, 1H), 3.22 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 2H), 2.70-2.50 (m,2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.91 (m, 3H), 1.65-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.41 (ddd,J=12.5, 11.0, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 1.09 (s, br, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 276 (M+H)⁺.Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution to give the HCl salt asorange crystals.

N-(2-cyanophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 18% yield as a yellowish solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ ppm 7.32-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (ddd, J=7.6, 7.8,0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, br, 1H), 3.08 (d, J=11.4Hz, 2H), 2.55-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.44(m, 1H), 1.23 (ddd, J=12.6, 11.0, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.05-0.94 (m, 2H); MS(ESI) m/z 256 (M+H)⁺.

(2-((9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)amino)phenyl)(phenyl)methanone: free base was obtained in 28% yield as ayellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.62-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.41 (m, 4H), 6.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (ddd,J=7.5, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 2H),2.65-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.12-1.94 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.48 (m, 1H),1.38 (ddd, J=12.4, 10.8, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 1.08-0.97 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z335 (M+H)⁺.

N-(2-iodophenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 53% yield as a waxy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm7.40 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (ddd, J=7.8, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70(dd, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (ddd, J=7.4, 7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.84(m, 2H), 3.08 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H),2.08-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.59-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.05-0.95 (m,2H); MS (ESI) m/z 357 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂Osolution to give HCl salt as a white powder.

Example 2

General Method:

Demethylation: To a mixture ofN-(2-R₄-phenyl)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine (1 eq) andNaHCO₃ (10 eq) in DCE (15 ml/mmol), at 0° C., was added 1-chloroethylchloroformate (10-15 eq). The resulting mixture was refluxed overnight.After cooling to RT, the reaction mixture was poured to Na₂CO₃ (2N) andextracted with DCM (2×). The combined extract was washed with brine,dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated dryness. The residue wasdissolved in EtOH (10 mL/mmol) and refluxed for 3 h. All volatiles wereremoved to give crude product. This crude material can be used withoutfurther purification for reductive amination. Pure product was obtainedby chromatography on silica gel, eluting with DCM/MeOH (10% NH₃.H₂O)(95/5 to 80/20).

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free base wasobtained in 92% yield as a waxy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm7.40 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (ddd, J=7.7, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.74(dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (ddd, J=7.5, 7.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.36 (m, 2H),1.98 (qt, J=13.2, 4.6, 1H), 1.65 (tt, J=13.0, 4.4, 2H), 1.60-1.50 (m,1H), 1.48-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.16 (ddd, J=12.7, 12.0, 3.6 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI)m/z 295, 297 (M+H)⁺.

N-(2-nitrophenyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free base wasobtained in 91% yield as an orange solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm8.16 (dd, J=8.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, br, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd,J=7.8, 7.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (ddd, J=8.5,7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.40 (m,2H), 2.06-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.53 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.30 (ddd,J=12.8, 12.0, 3.6 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 262 (M+H)⁺.

Reductive amination: To a mixture ofN-(2-R₄-phenyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine hydrochloride (1 eq)and the appropriate aldehyde (1.5-2.0 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane wassuccessively added NaBH(OAc)3 (2.0-3.0 eq), and HOAc (1.0-2.0 eq). Theresulting suspension was stirred at RT till the starting aminedisappeared. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate andNaHCO₃ (sat.). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous oneextracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate solutionwas washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and evaporated tooil, which was subjected to chromatography on silica gel, eluting withethyl acetate/hexane (0/100 to 30/70).

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-cinnamyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine: free basewas obtained in 81% yield as a yellowish waxy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.44-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.23 (tt, J=7.4,1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (ddd, J=7.6, 7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.2, 1.4Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (ddd, J=7.6, 7.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H),6.24 (dt, J=16.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.20-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.49 (dd, J=6.4, 1.6Hz, 2H), 3.22 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (ddd, J=12.0, 12.0, 5.6 Hz, 2H),2.14-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.94 (tt, J=13.2, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 1.55 (d, J=12.8 Hz,1H), 1.32-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.10 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 411, 413 (M+H)⁺.Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution to give HCl salt as anoff-white solid.

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-(3-phenylpropyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine:free base was obtained in 65% yield as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.41 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 6H), 6.69 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (ddd, J=7.6, 6.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 3.90-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.18 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H),2.73 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (td, J=7.8, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (qt, J=13.4,4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (tt, J=13.2, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H),1.23 (ddd, J=12.8, 11.0, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 1.03 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI)m/z 399, 401 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution togive HCl salt as a white solid.

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-(4-methoxybenzyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine:free base was obtained in 11% yield as oil. ¹1⁻1 NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δppm 7.33 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (t, J=7.4 Hz,1H), 4.08-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.05 (d, J=10.8 Hz,2H), 2.48 (td, J=12.0, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.49 (d, J=12.4Hz, 1H), 1.26-1.10 (m, 2H), 0.94 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 415,417 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treated with HCl/Et₂O solution to give HClsalt as an off-white solid.

N-(2-bromophenyl)-9-(4-bromobenzyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine:free base was obtained in 61% yield as an orange solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.17 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H),3.12 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (td, J=12.0, 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.12-1.90 (m,3H), 1.59 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (ddd, J=12.6, 11.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 1.06(d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 430, 432 (M+H)⁺. Free base was treatedwith HCl/Et₂O solution to give HCl salt as an orange solid.

Example 3

In Vitro Testing of Ligands at α3β4 and α4β2 receptors for bindingaffinity in competition with [³H]epibatidine.

The Ki±SEM was determined for each compound in competition with[³H]epibatidine. Compounds are tested on membranes derived from HEKcells that have been transfected with rat α3β4 and α4β2 receptors.Specific experiments are described below:

Cell Culture. KX α3β4R₂ and KX α4β22R2 cells are cultured in Dulbecco'smodified Eagle's medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS), 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin, and 0.4 mg/ml of geneticin. Thecells are maintained in an atmosphere of 7.5% CO₂ in a humidifiedincubator at 37° C. For binding assays, cells are plated on 100-mmdishes. For functional assays, the cells are seeded into 96-wellcollagen-coated plates (Becton Dickinson Biocoat) at a density ofapproximately 50,000 cells/well. Cells seeded at this density grow intoa confluent monolayer in 24 to 30 h.

Binding Assays. Cells are harvested by scraping the plates with a rubberpoliceman and then centrifuged at 500×g (2200 rpm) for 10 min The cellpellet is suspended in Tris buffer, homogenized in a PolytronHomogenizer, and centrifugation repeated twice at 20,000×g (13,500 rpm)for 20 min Cells are finally suspended in 5 ml of Tris buffer todetermine their protein content. For binding, the cell membrane isincubated with the test compounds at concentrations ranging from 10⁻⁵ to10⁻¹⁰ M in the presence of 0.3 nM of [³H]epibatidine. After 3 h ofincubation at room temperature, samples are filtered through glass fiberfilters and presoaked in 0.1% polyethyleneimine (PEI) by using a Tomteccell harvester. Filters are counted on a betaplate reader (Wallac).Nonspecific binding is determined by using 0.1 μM of the unlabeledepibatidine. Full characterization of compounds includes analysis of thedata for IC₅₀ values and Hill coefficients by using the program PRISM.Ki values will be calculated using the Cheng Prusoff transformation:

${Ki} = \frac{{IC}\; 50}{1 + {L\text{/}{Kd}}}$

Where, L is radioligand concentration and Kd is the binding affinity ofthe radioligand, as determined previously by saturation analysis.Typically the compounds disclosed herein had greater than 1 uM affinityfor the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with selectivity of atleast 50× for the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor when comparedwith the α4β22 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating or preventing opiateaddiction in a patient comprising administering to the patient in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I)or a pharmaceutical composition thereof:

or salts, hydrates or solvates thereof wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl; Yis —NR₃; R₃ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl,substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl;and X is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl;provided that when R₁ is methyl and Y is —NH— that X is not phenyl andthat when R₁ is H and Y is —NH— that X is not 3-chlorophenyl and thatthe compound of Formula (I) does not includeN-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[13.3.1.]non-3-yl)-1H indazole-5-amine.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein X is o-substituted phenyl.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,


5. The method of claim 1, wherein X is phenyl or substituted phenyl. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein X is

R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂, —NH₂,—COCH₃ or —CN.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—. 8.The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,

X is aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, o-substituted phenyl,and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ ishydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, X is

R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂, —NH₂,—COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein R₁ is arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, X is

R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂, —NH₂,—COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein R₁ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,

X is

R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂, —NH₂,—COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein R₁ is methyl, Y is —NH—, X is

and R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂, —NH₂,—COCH₃ or —CN.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl, Y is—NH—, X is

and R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —NO₂ or —CN.
 14. The method ofclaim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl, Y is —NCH₃— and X is

wherein R₄ is —Br.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, Yis —NH— and X is

wherein R₄ is —NO₂.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl, Yis —NH— and Xis 2-pyridyl or 2-pyridyl substituted at the 5 positionwith —Br or —NO₂.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is ethyl,

Y is —NH— and X is

wherein R₄ is —Br.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, Yis —NH— and X is

wherein R₄ is —Br.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ is

X is

wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu, —NO₂,—NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.
 20. The method of claim 1,wherein R₁ is

X is

is wherein R₄ is —Cl, —Br, —F, —I, —CH₃ —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —CO₂t-Bu,—NO₂, —NH₂, —COCH₃ or —CN and Y is —NH— or —NCH₃—.